Observing Group Observation Paper - 1605 Words

In this paper, I discuss my experience with observing a group counseling session with the purpose of evaluating it in terms of how it is set up, how it is run, interventions used, culturally sensitivity, and the contribution toward my professional development as a social worker. The group setting plays a critical role in social work outside of the individual session and can be largely beneficial for clients in the forms of therapy, counseling, self-help, and support. By attempting to better understand group interventions, I will learn how to apply this strategy in aiding clients for whom this method is appropriate by increasing their social supports. In selecting a community group to observe, of consideration were groups which serve the†¦show more content†¦The group facilitator for this substance abuse group is a man named Chris who has been facilitating this group for around 6 months. He shared with me that he has been working at this agency for two years as a mental health case manager in this program. He completed his education in the field of substance abuse and currently holds his Certified Alcohol and Drug Counselor license. In speaking with Chris and observing the group session, Chris held the leadership role as the individual leader. He shared that six months ago, this group held two leaders, one being the primary leader along with the co-leader. However, this previous leader left her position and he is now facilitating individually. Uniquely, he shared he often has other program staff attend the group to help with the leadership role by minimizing disruptions by the members and taking note of the process. In th ese instances, the group would be considered having co-leadership in the function the additional staff play (Hepworth et. al., 2013). Upon observing this group, I noticed the group to be homogeneous, and in addition, there were also clients who attended who did not appear appropriate based on the functioning level of the group. According to Maguire (2002), â€Å"Group members must be at similar levels of ego strength or functionality.† The is based on the idea of group membership for a group for function properly. Maguire states, â€Å"A person who is literally too abnormal or who deviatesShow MoreRelatedThe Traits Of Non Human Primates1662 Words   |  7 PagesThis paper aims to study the traits of non-human primates. By observing two types of primates including Common Squirrel Monkey (Saimiri sciureus) and Western Gorillas (Gorilla Gorillas), I try to find out their characteristics, pattern of their behavior, and differences between these two primate species. Especially, characteristics and behavior such as social interaction, food acquisition and intelligence will be discussed and compared in this paper . In order to enhance the persuasiveness of my observationRead MoreA Research Study On Moravian College1120 Words   |  5 Pagesresearch paper I will focus on Moravian College, its population and their interaction with each other when they are walking around the campus. In this research, I anticipate that while observing men and women of similar ages, men will tend to be more distracted and focused on just one topic, while women will be walking closer to each other and talking about multiple subjects. Both men and female will follow certain social norms that they were born into without realizing it. For this observation, I hypothesizeRead MoreNight Sky Experiment800 Words   |  4 Pageswith groupings of stars creating a galaxy, or also known as The Milky Way. The Milky Way, is one of many galaxies in a Local Group, containing between 100- 400 billion stars. Observing these stars with the naked eye is sometimes difficult, however technology today has made it much easier. In the e xperiment â€Å"Number the Stars†, we used two different types of telescopes, and a paper towel roll to record different counts of stars in different brightness’s in the sky. Between my partner and I we hypothesizedRead MoreFinal Quiz1080 Words   |  5 PagesHomework and Video – 20% Class Attendance and Active Participation in Class and Wellness Group (25% of your grade) This is an experiential class and much of the learning and skill development will take place as we discuss the material and practice the skills in the classroom. To make this a successful experience you will be expected to participate fully in classroom discussions, engage actively in group activities and role plays and actively listen to guest speakers and other media modalities presentedRead MoreEssay about Integrating Science and Math Into The Classroom 1383 Words   |  6 Pagessubjects in the classroom while promoting learning for all. This paper will examine how a unit integrates science and mathematics in the classroom. We will also address how the 12 science processes can be use in the lesson. In addition, we will examine how the use of differentiation can be use in this unit to address the needs of all the students. This paper will also address how assessments promote student learnin g. Finally this paper will show how the use of reflection thinking, manipulative andRead Moreamu soci111 observation paper1149 Words   |  5 PagesBREAKING OBSERVATION 1 Norm Breaking Observation NORM BREAKING OBSERVATION 2 Abstract Utilizing the research of Henslin (2013), and the my own norm breaking experience, this paper reflects understanding of how social norms define the society that they are applied to. Also identified, are the ways that subcultures react to certain norm breaking differently as well as reactions to deviance through use of folkway and sanctions. This paper examines the experience I encountered while observing reactionsRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D Sallinger, Questions and Answers1611 Words   |  6 PagesFor this guided reflection paper, I observed two classrooms, the first was â€Å"Mr. M’s† 10th grade, 3rd period ELA class and the second was â€Å"Mrs. L’s† 11th grade, 4th period ELA class. Both observations were done on April 9th at the same high school. The focus for this paper was the teachers and specific components of their lesson plans. Both classrooms were not only engaged in different reading materials but also in different parts of their unit plan. â€Å"Mr.’M’s† class was just beginning their unit planRead MoreThe Communication System Project Teams : Problems Of Transfer Knowledge And Information For The Management Of It Projects1077 Words   |  5 Pagesa project. The purpose of this paper is to summarize and analyze the article The Communication System Project Teams: Problems of Transfe r Knowledge and Information for the Management of IT Projects by Dr. Jerzy Kisielnicki. The paper will provide overview of Dr. Kisielnicki study of communication of a project team, what techniques are used, the effect that the communication has on the project, and the project manager’s role in that communication. Lastly, the paper will conclude with a view of theRead MoreSocial Cognitive Theory of Learning Essay1658 Words   |  7 PagesSocial Cognitive Theory of Learning Social cognitive theory of learning is a theoretical perspective that focuses on learning by observing others and eventually assuming control over one’s own behavior (Ormrod, 2011, p.323). Social cognitive theory is a perspective that helps us understand about learning by observing other people doing the same thing. This theory is a blend of behaviorism and cognitive psychology (Ormrod, 2011). Behaviorism theory relates to learning as a stimulus- response relationshipRead MoreMy Observation Of A 10 Year Old Girl Named Kassie872 Words   |  4 PagesFor this observation paper, I will go in depth into my observation of a 10-year-old girl named Kassie. Kassie is in 5th grade, and is the youngest of two children. She has one older brother that is two years older, and two very loving and involved parents. In this paper, I will discuss the attributes and characteristics that I observed while watching and spending time with Kassie. Starting with motor development skills, it was ver y prominent how active Kassie was. The results of this were obvious

Hiv / Aids And Aids Essay - 791 Words

1.INTRODUCTION There is a global trend that HIV/AIDS has prevailed the globe. According to the UNAIDS, at the end of the year 2015 there were approximately 36.7 million people around the world infected with HIV/AIDS including the estimated 2.1 million individuals worldwide who were newly infected in that year. The World Health Organization (WHO) indicates that a limit of 54% of HIV/AIDS individuals know that they’re infected. It also indicates that two thirds of the reported case (approximately 25.6 million people) occupy the sub-Saharan Africa region. With respect to the HIV/AIDS related mortality, the WHO provides an estimation of 35 million AIDS-related deaths since the start of the epidemic (including 1.1 million in 2015). The UNAIDS indicates that only a fraction of 17 million people living with HIV/AIDS were accessing its antiretroviral therapy (ART) globally. This signifies that the majority of people living with HIV/AIDS still do not have access to the treatment, care, and transmission prevention of the disease, and this would go back to one of the two possible reasons: either their country doesn’t have these medical services available, or if it does, then they do not have enough money to access the treatment in it or abroad. Therefore, the statistics provided convey a relation between the epidemic and the societal and economic conditions of the patients’ countries. This socioeconomic relation appears in the form of many negative social andShow MoreRelatedHiv / Aids And Aids1472 Words   |  6 PagesHIV/AIDS is the major ongoing issue attacking sub-Saharan Africa. The damage caused by HIV/AIDS strips families, communities, and increases poverty. In Kenya, the plague has mainly targeted those in the fertile and reproductive age groups. According to estimates by the United Nations of AIDS (UNAIDS), â€Å"Indication of 22.5 million people were living with HIV in Africa, over 1.6 million people were estimated to have died from this sy ndrome, and well over 11 million children have been orphaned by AIDSRead MoreAids : Hiv / Aids Essay1330 Words   |  6 PagesLauren Kennedy United States HIV/AIDS Part 1: Background of Topic: What became later known as aids was detected in West Africa when scientists identified a species of chimpanzees that had a version of this virus in their immune system. They later found out that the disease was transmitted to humans and created into HIV when people hunted these animals for food and came in contact with their infected blood. Decade after decade this illness swooped over Africa like a blanket and began to spread toRead MoreHiv/Aids Essay1086 Words   |  5 PagesHIV/AIDS BSHS302 May 21, 2012 Faye Flanagan HIV/AIDS Social issues facing HIV/AIDS today are as diverse as the people that are affected by the disease. Advocating for a large group of people takes action at the macro human service practice. The goals and intervention strategies will be similar to micro human service and will involve the same strategies to bring justice to human rights for all members of society. One strategy is including a broader range of other diversity in research inRead MoreThe Epidemic Of Hiv And Aids1535 Words   |  7 Pagespopulation include providing access to health care, HIV testing and syringe services programs. The Office of HIV Planning in Philadelphia focuses on the needs of the population, conducts community outreaches and educational sessions. As previously stated, 32 state Medicaid programs reimburse for routine HIV screening of adults aged 15-65 years, regardless of risk. This policy allows for individuals to more likely participate in this screening process. HIV testing can be done through health care professionalsRead MoreThe Effects of Hiv/Aids2132 Words   |  9 Pages | QUESTION: Discuss the impact of HIV/AIDS on education. CONTENTS 1.) Introduction. 2.) Discussion. i.)   loss of professionals to the effects of HIV and AIDS ii)   Funds channeled to combat effects of HIV and AIDS on education in Kenya iii) High dropout rates to the effects of HIV and AIDS on education iv) The introduction of HIV and AIDS as a unit on the Kenyan syllabus v)  Ã‚   Stigmatizations caused by the effects of HIV and AIDS on education in Kenya 3.) Conclusion Read MorePrevalence Of Hiv / Aids1525 Words   |  7 PagesPrevalence of HIV/AIDS in Ohio It was already stated that the HIV/AIDS epidemic impacts persons regardless of sex, age, race/ethnic group and/or geographic region in Ohio, but certain populations seem to be more impacted than others. There are 11, 544,225 people living in Ohio. 80% are white, 12% are black, 3% are Hispanic, and less than 2% are Asian. Each year in Ohio, about 1,000 people are diagnosed with HIV. In 2013, 1,180 people were diagnosed. Overall, there are almost 20,000 known to be livingRead MoreStigma of Hiv/Aids1812 Words   |  8 PagesStigma of HIV/AIDS It goes without saying that HIV and AIDS are as much about social phenomena as they are about biological and medical concerns. From the moment scientists identified HIV and AIDS, social responses of fear, denial, stigma, and discrimination have accompanied the epidemic. Discrimination has spread rapidly, fuelling anxiety and prejudice against the groups most commonly affected, as well as those living with HIV or AIDS. One of the main reasons for this is the lack of educationRead MoreHiv/Aids in Nigeria6960 Words   |  28 PagesLITERATURE 2.0 INTRODUCTION HIV/AIDs has been ranked among the common disease of all times that is threatening us with the extinction of youths and adults. It is not only terrorizing the entire generation but also kills and leaves millions of orphans for the oldest grandparent to carter for. 2.1 HIV/AIDS IN NIGERIA According to USAID brief (2004), Nigerian epidemic is characterized by one of the most rapidly increasing rates of new HIV/AIDS cases in West Africa. Adult HIV prevalence increased fromRead More AIDS/HIV Essay2283 Words   |  10 PagesHuman Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), can be transmitted through unprotected sexual intercourse, sharing contaminated needles and syringes, mother to child (perinatal) and contaminated blood product (National Association of Health Authorities, 1988). 1.2 PURPOSE OF THE RESEARCH Late HIV diagnosis remains a major problem among black Africans in England. In 2007, about 42 per cent of black Africans diagnosed with HIV were diagnosed late (HPA, 2008a). This compromises their survival chances becauseRead MoreAids : Hiv And The Pursuit Of Happiness1366 Words   |  6 PagesThe AIDS epidemic has been a controversial debate for many years. As Sturken says in her text, there is discourse on AIDS of hysteria and blame, but AIDS also produces a discourse of defiance and criticism (Sturken 147). Using Sturken’s article AIDS and The Politics of Representation and the film Living Proof: HIV and the Pursuit of Happiness I will discuss the two different discourses and views of AIDS. These simultaneous discourses on AIDS, result from the variation of ways people in our society

The Democracy Of A Democratic Government - 849 Words

A democratic government is one in which the â€Å"supreme power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or indirectly through a system of representation† (Merriam-Webster). In theory, a true democracy is one that is governed by the people in the form of â€Å"the rule of the majority†. This is a process that seems to have been naturally embedded in the human mind. In many circumstance, whether it is world leaders deciding on new international policy, or kids choosing what to watch for â€Å"movie night†, the rule of the majority seems to often prevail. Even so, in certain recognized democratic nations such as Canada, the rule of the majority is not triumphant. It is inevitable that any political system would have its shortcomings, but there are some flaws that are difficult to overlook – especially those that seem to undermine the democratic credibility of a nation. Due to a variety of factors, such as politically inactive citizens and a no t-so-representative electoral system, it is evident that the Canadian democracy is lacking democracy. By international standards, the Canadian democratic system is considered healthy; â€Å"Canada regularly receives the maximum score on global assessments of civil liberties, political rights and overall quality of democracy.† (Gidengil 2014, pg.3). For some, an evaluation like this is the only thing needed to be convinced that the democracy in this country is sound. Unfortunately, such assessments merely analyze the system from a distance,Show MoreRelatedComparing US Democratic Republic, Roman Republic, and Athenian Democracy Governments647 Words   |  3 Pages In the past, different civilizations have been ruled by different forms of government. The U.S. Democratic Republic, the Roman Republic, and the Athenian Democracy have similar and different functions of how they run their government. In the U.S. Democratic Republic, it has all three branches of government which are the legislature, executive, and the judicial branch. Their legislative branch has a Senate of 100 members and theyre elected by the people for a six-year-term. The Senates make lawsRead MoreEssay on Democratic Peace1477 Words   |  6 PagesDemocratic Peace Democratic peace is presently a theory that has come under fire from many individuals due to the complex nature in which it is applied to nations and their handling of foreign affairs. There are currently two accepted arguments: (1) Democracies do not fight one another because they are self-organizing systems and are therefore fundamentally distinct from other statesRead MoreThe changing of Democracy Essay1124 Words   |  5 Pagesand cultures have evolved, the ideas of government and democracy have evolved as well. The economic and cultural status of a time period affects how people perceive their government. Living in a capitalist nation does not necessarily mean that democracy is non-existent. However, it does not mean that democracy in the nation has been fully formed and developed. The capitalist economy is altering the beliefs of what it means to be a democratic nation. Democracy gives power to the people. However, culturalRead MoreAp Comparative Government Summer Assignment1107 Words   |  5 PagesAP Comparative Government Summer Assignment: Part 1 1. Democratic Regime: A set of institutions that allow the citizens to choose the makers of public policy in free, competitive election. 2. Procedural Democracy: Countries with free and fair elections for the real policymakers and eligibility of all adults meet the minimum requirements for this. 3. Substantive Democracy: Procedural democracy + more political rights and civil liberties 4. Democratization: the transformation from a nondemocratic regimeRead MoreDefinition Of Democracy And Governance1586 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to M.P.Barbra, local government means authority to determine and to execute matters within a restricted area inside and smaller than the whole state. Every state in the world has been implementing local government system for the administrating services regarding peripheral society. Local government and democracy is most closed concept in theory as well as practice. Term â€Å"democracy and governance† are complicated and dynamic concepts in social sciences discipline. It has a long historicalRead MoreGovernment And State And Government Essay1597 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Government and state is like a two sides of a coin. Some political thinkers do not make any distinction between state and government. As a state Bangladesh has experienced different types of government since 1971 including democracy and military government. None of the experience is good for the people of the state. As a form of government democracy has some advantages and also some disadvantages. But in a country like Bangladesh you mostly have to suffer the demerits of democracy. Many politicalRead MoreIs Democracy The Besy For Of Government?1298 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"IS DEMOCRACY THE BESY FOR OF GOVERNMENT?† What is democratic government? Democratic form of government is a sort in which all the societies of a state, have the equal power to elect their leader i.e. to select members by determining and voting through free and fair elections. Also the people have a say in any verdict. Principally ‘government of the people, by the people, for the people.’ The most key elements of democracy primarily are free and fair election and public liberty of opinion manifestationRead MoreThe And Its Impact On Society1707 Words   |  7 Pagesoriginating from the masses unlike in the past. Today democracy is not just a form of government it is a way of life. For example, a singer that is more popular is also more successful. Large groups of people are what create change. Even capitalism is becoming more democratic. 2. Zakaria defines constitutional liberalism as the goals of government such as protecting the rights of its citizens. In contrast, democracy refers to a government who is elected through free and public elections. ChapterRead MoreThe Democratic Peace Theory954 Words   |  4 PagesThe democratic peace theory was not always seen as the substantial argument and significant contribution to the field of International Relations that it is today. Prior to the 1970’s, it was the realist and non-realist thought that took preeminence in political theoretical thinking. Though the democratic peace theory was first criticized for being inaccurate in its claim that democracy promotes peace and as such democracies do not conflict with each other, trends, statistical data, reports have suggestedRead MoreThe Third Condition For The Stability Of Democracy1564 Words   |  7 PagesThe third condition for the stability of democracies is Freedom of speech (Schofield 31). Freedom of speech must exist in a democracy for stability to prevail. The absence of that is a rise of political problems. Whereas the freedom allows every individual in the country to have his or her opinion on how the country should be led, when they begin threatening the leadership it is a matter of peace disturbance, and they are liable for prosecution. Through it, there are many complaints that will arise

Effects of Transformational Leader Behavior

Question: Discuss about the Effects of Transformational Leader Behavior. Answer: Introduction: Workplace bullying is a practice of persistently mistreating others at the place of work, and it causes emotional or physical harm. This practice can include tactics such as humiliation, physical, physical, verbal, and nonverbal abuse. Managers, human resource personnel, and other employees have a role to play to prevent workplace bullying. Human resource personnel are tasked with the duty of managing workplace bullying complaints. Studies have demonstrated that it is possible to manage this process by understanding its causes. The antecedents of workplace bullying are organizational and work-related factors (Oade 2009). While HRP plays the critical role of identifying, managing and preventing workplace bullying, very little has been known about how they interpret and respond to an actual complaint. Recent research has shown that when there are conflicting accounts to establish credibility, but there is no witness or evidence, HRPs are alone to sort out the issues. For this problem to be solved, trust between HRP, managers, and employees is essential. The major problem is that HRP distrusts the claims of employees regarding bullying and does not trust the ability of the management to deliver key HR practices, though they prioritize their relationship with managers. Additionally, HRP is prone to privileging senior and experienced managers accounts, but they trust employees who are considered to have performance issues less (Catley et al. 2017). Trust between HRP and witnesses are also critical. Most witnesses are reluctant to support bullying cases due to fear of being a target and pressure to conform. This is a major problem as well (Catley et al. 2017). A majority of bullying cases also involve superior-subordinate relationships. Sixty-percent of bullying cases fall under this category (Catley et al. 2017). HRP often find it difficult to solve these cases. However, there is need to investigate the pathways of bullying further to better understand the relationship between context, behaviors, severity, duration, and source (Crisis in the Workplace 2016). Implications of Advancing HR practice Bullying cases should be addressed early on. Otherwise, they manifest into multiple complaints. Some of these complaints are complex and require expertise and a lot of time. Besides, reaching a common ground becomes extremely difficult (Oade 2009). Failure to address bullying is commonly attributed to the behavior being considered acceptable; the organizations misunderstanding of bullying and believes that resolving disputes is not their responsibility (Catley et al. 2017). Another recent study has for the first time considered in detail the relationship between work environment and individuals. This study has developed a model that borrows some principles from other models to illustrate the significance of appreciating different factors can interact to explain workplace bullying. The study draws from victim precipitation theory and explains target characteristics, the responsibility of the work climate in simulating behavior, and dyadic interactions. It also includes a time, and through that, it suggests that many dispositional personalities and stressors are able to represent antecedents as well as the right outcomes (Samnani Singh 2016). In addition, the study shows that this type of bullying can have unconstructive impact on teams regarding group norms that normalize bullying and bring down overall team cohesion. Another study reinforces this concept by stating that moving forward viewing both the target and the perpetrator, and there is a need for a theory for explaining the interaction (Karadag 2015). An atmosphere of power imbalance at the workplace, as well as a bad social atmosphere, increases the probability that workers with the characteristics of a target will experience this type of bullying. Perpetrator characteristics like envy and narcissism can become moral emotions that fun bullying actions on targets. Besides, bullying actions have the capacity to influence team norms over some time. Many studies on workplace bullying norms center on cross-sectional research designs (Samnani Singh 2016; Recognizing 2016). Recent conceptual models provide that work climate and others can work together with target characteristics and consequently smooth the progress of the development of bullying behavior. The off-putting effects of workplace bullying reaffirm the necessity for executives to work against forces that can support bullying. Executives and human resource managers can solve this by flagging circumstances under which people with bullying characteristics can work together with other employees with conflicting characteristics. Besides, they should closely observe the work climate, and their policies that are related to power and discrimination to make certain bullying behavior is discouraged. This interaction model widens the scale of bullying and amalgamates several levels into a single theoretical model, which demonstrates the significance of the underlying phenomena within the expansive context of workplace bullying (Samnani Singh 2016). Longitudinal Effects of Organizational Change There is also longitudinal impact of change on some bullying behaviors. Research has established the impact of task-related change on some acts of bullying and relational changes on endorsed acts of bullying. After a detailed analysis, research has proved that there is no direct link between organizational change and the existence of workplace bullying. Nevertheless, it also suggests that differential impact can emerge from organizational change (Holten et al. 2017). The same research indicates that the longitudinal relation that exists between task-related change and experienced adverse acts of bullying points to the fact that changes in equipment, allocation of work tasks as well as work methods can result in experiences of being bullied by other employees (Bommer et al. 2005). These problems can be understood within the interpretative process perspective as either a course of action in which change is directly considered bullying or procedural, disruptive and interactional justice. Change efforts that fail to solve organizational change justice in most cases result into angry, frustrated, and cynical employees (Bommer et al. 2005). Within interpretative frameworks of the study, experienced and enacted bullying can be roles that different people can have at different times and which different circumstances and conditions can trigger. These types of workplace bullying reflect a process and not a fixed position. This finding shows multiple organizational conditions impulse sensitivity that involves enacting or experiencing bullying in distinctive ways (Holten et al. 2017). Leadership quality and negative affectivity, instead of working as moderators, influence the extent to which employees practice and act out bullying directly at the place of work. It also links unenthusiastic affectivity positively with co-worker abuse and concerning experienced negative acts; it shows that when people report high levels of negativity affectivity, they are at a high risk of perceiving social interactions as negative, which can also be an indicator of intentional bullying (Holten et al. 2017). The relationship between negative acts and leadership quality indicates that the advanced the leadership quality that individuals interact with, the less they are able to experience and endorse bullying acts. Earlier leadership studies have centered on deficiencies in leadership behavior, leadership styles, and leadership enacting bullying towards people under them (Bommer et al. 2005). However, recent research shows concentrated on the effect of general leadership quality (Holten et al. 2017). The Impact of Workplace Bullying On Individual Being Other studies have also investigated the impact of workplace bullying on individual being and found that bullying impairs peoples psychological well-being, has a deleterious organizational effect and erodes self-esteem. Individuals who have access to psychological help experience improved well-being, irrespective of whether they experience stress from bullying or not (Berstein Trimm 2016). This bullying literature also supports assertiveness as a moderator between well-being and bullying. Assertiveness enables people to be able to take control of situations, and it helps in the development of resilience within individuals if used successfully. Avoidance moderates between well-being and bullying and bullying and self-esteem. At the same time, doing nothing moderates between well-being and bullying. However, the direction of these effects is counterintuitive. Both of these factors have a harmful impact on both well-being and self-esteem. For that reason, when seeking help, assertiveness is a useful coping strategy, while avoidance and doing nothing are not (Berstein Trimm 2016). Concerning organizational structure and power differentials, these factors can limit the degree at which people feel capacitated to seek help or be assertive. Due to power differentials, seeking help and assertiveness sometimes do not work and may compel and count for people taking part in avoidance and doing nothing. Power differentials play a significant role in that how the target will react heavily depends on whether they are being bullying horizontally or vertically (Berstein Trimm 2016). With regard to human resource policies and procedures as well as human resource responsiveness, the extent to which human resource is perceived to be responsive to and efficient in handling bullying grievances can also determine the degree at which targets seek help from this resource. If employees consider that HR cannot be responsive to dealing with complaints, it is highly unlikely that they use make use of the resource. Most of them report their significant others instead (Shaw 2006). Workplace Bullying Among Academics The occurrence and manifestation of workplace bullying among academics is also a significant aspect to explore. Research shows that academic leadership in Pakistan use workplace bullying to advance their selfish interests. They do this by discrediting people who question them. The common bullying tactic among these professionals, however, has been work-related contribution ignored, being subjected to unnecessary criticism, unnecessary work monitoring others, and other leaders delaying action on critical matters. Other research has indicated that if one intends to harm his colleague in this field, they design a behavior to undermine their authority, competence, and professional standing. They may also impede access to resources that are key to their success (Ahmad 2017; D'cruz, P., Noronha 2013). Regarding the demographic risk factors, there are indicators that female professionals are at a high risk of being bullied. However, this aspect is not supported with empirical evidence in the case of Pakistan Academics (Ahmad 2017). Studies that indicate that women are at a higher risk were conducted in male-dominated occupations. Since females have a significant representation in Pakistan universities, the trend could not be the same. However, the finding indicated that individuals between the age bracket of 40 and 50 had a higher risk of being bullied than the general population. This revelation suggests that middle age academics have lower thresholds of tolerance for this particular behavior, which makes it easy for them to respond to bullying behavior. While the research also found some slight difference in the occurrence of workplace bullying between private and public universities in the country, the differences were no significant. This finding contradicts past studies that suggest greater risk of being bullying in public universities (Hoel et al. 2010). In conclusion, this paper provides a comprehensive insight into occurrences and characteristics of workplace bullying that has never been explored. It also explores new causes of workplace bullying and suggests the best solutions and presents a holistic view of the complaint management process. Since research is a continuous exercise, it presents findings that can form the basis for further research. Researchers can consider better approaches to preventing and managing workplace bullying so as to create a healthy academic culture and health workplace culture in general. References Ahmad, S, Salim, R, Kaleem, A 2017, Academic' perceptions of buying at work: insights from Pakistan, International Journal of Education Management, 31(2), 204-220. doi:10.1108/IJEM-10-2015-0141 Berstein, C, Trimm, L 2016, The impact of workplace bullying on individual being: the moderating tool of coping, SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 14(1), a792. doi:org/10.4102/sajhrm.v14i1.792 Bommer, W H, Rich, G A, Rubin, R 2005, Changing attitudes about change: longitudinal effects of transformational leader behavior on employee cynicism about organizational change, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26(7), 733-753. doi:10.1002/job.342 Catley, B, Backwood, K, Forsyth, D, Tappin, D, Bentley, T 2017, Workplace bullying complaints: lessons for "good HR practice", Personnel Review, 46(1), 100-114. doi:10.1108/PR-04-2015-0107 Crisis in the Workplace: Violence and Bullying, 2016, Managing Crises Overseas, 105-112, doi:10.1201/9781315372808-11 D'cruz, P, Noronha, E 2013, Workplace bullying in the context of organizational change: the significance of pluralism, Industrial Relations Journal, 45(1), 2-21. doi:10.1111/irj.12039 Hoel, H, Sheehan, M, Cooper, C, Einarsen, S 2010, Organizational effects of workplace bullying, Bullying and Harassment in the Workplace, 130-147. doi:10.1201/ebk1439804896-8 Holten, A, Hancock, G R, Mikkelsen, E G, Persson, R, Hansen, A M, Hogh, A 2017, The longitudinal effects of organizational change on experienced and enacted bullying behavior, Journal of Change Management, 17(1), 67-89. doi:10.1080/14697017.2016.1215340 Karadag, M, Cankul, I H, Abuhanoglu, H 2015, The effects of workplace bullying on nurses, Workplace Health Safety, 63(1), 5-5. doi:10.1177/2165079914564393 Oade, A 2009, Managing a workplace bully: confronting bullying behavior in a team member, Managing Workplace Bullying, 92-112. doi:10.1057/9780230249165_6 Oade, A 2009, Aftermath: final Thoughts on workplace bullying, Managing Workplace Bullying, 157-161. doi:10.1057/9780230249165_10 Recognizing, confronting, and eliminating workplace bullying 2016, Workplace Health Safety, 64(7), 342-342. doi:10.1177/2165079916656184 Samnani, A, Singh, P 2016, Workplace bullying: considering the interaction between individual and work environment, Bus Ethics, 537-549. doi:10.1007/s10551-015-2653-x Shaw, S 2006, Workplace bullying in the NHS workplace bullying in the NHS, Nursing Standard, 20(50), 30-30. doi:10.7748/ns2006.08.20.50.30.b510